转帖伯恩山的FCI标准

孤独的王子

1.[转]伯恩山犬FCI标准，看看与AKC标准有什么区别

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作者: 风采飞扬 时间: 2008-05-22 09:39 还是想再说一次什么是标准 其实世界上有很多养犬协会，最有名的自然是KC,AKC和FCI 可是对于同一种狗，各个协会俱乐部的标准又各不相同，这是为什么？ 事实上，我认为标准是一种描述，里面很多对于狗的形态性格花色的讲述大都是一种形象的描述，而不是精准的定义，里面可能夹杂了很多制定标准的人的个人喜好。不是说不符合这些描述就不是纯种犬，失格这个词仅仅是说失去了正规犬赛（Show）的资格，并不是说它不纯种，并且失格的犬照样可以参加敏捷性和服从性比赛。 我始终觉得对于标准我们应该去多了解多理解，尽量地去遵守，然而遵守之余也该有自己的看法和想法，就像AKC里罗威纳是需要截尾的，然而现在不截尾的罗威纳在德国就出现在赛场上，我想AKC的标准说不定就会随之修正 以前看过一篇文章，好像是这么说的：四流的繁殖者不遵守标准，三流的繁殖者遵守，二流的繁殖者引导，一流的繁殖者制定。 我是希望标准不要成为大家选择狗的唯一标杆，而是应该弄清楚自己养狗是为了什么。 现在中文网站上看到的伯恩山犬标准都是AKC的标准，我就去找了FCI的伯恩山犬标准，翻译了一下，贴出来让各位喜欢伯恩山犬的朋友看看，也能对比一下AKC的标准 英文水平有限，故将英文原文及我的翻译一同贴出，若有翻译不当之处，请指出，谢谢~ ------------------------------------------------------------- FCI-Standard N° 45 / 05. 05. 2003 / GB FCI-标准 NO. 45 / 05. 05. 2003 / GB BERNESE MOUNTAIN DOG (Berner Sennenhund, Dürrbächler) TRANSLATION : Mrs. Peggy Davis, revised by Elke Pepper. 翻译 : Peggy Davis女士，Elke Pepper校对 中文翻译：Ewanliu ORIGIN : Switzerland. 产地 : 瑞士 DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE ORIGINAL VALID STANDARD : 25.03.2003. 原有效标准出版日期: 25.03.2003 UTILIZATION : Originally used as a guard-, draught-and cattle dog on farms in the Canton Bern, today also family dog and versatile working dog. 用途 : 起初在Canton Bern的农场中充当守卫犬、拖曳犬和牧牛犬，现今也作为家庭犬和多用途的工作犬 CLASSIFICATION F.C.I. : Group 2 Pinscher and Schnauzer type-Molossoid breeds- Swiss Mountain and Cattle-Dogs and other breeds. Section 3 Swiss Cattle Dogs. Without working trial. F.C.I. 分级 : 第二组 品犬、雪纳瑞类、獒犬、瑞士山地犬和牧牛犬以及其他品种 第三部分 瑞士牧牛犬 不需要工作犬的考核 BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY : The Bernese Mountain Dog is a farm dog of ancestral origin which was used as a guard and draught dog and for driving cattle in the prealpine regions and in the midland areas around Bern. Originally he was named “Dürrbächler” according to the name of the hamlet and of the inn of Dürrbach, near Riggisberg in the Canton Bern where these long-haired tricoloured farm dogs were especially numerous. In 1902, 1904 and 1907 specimen of this breed had already been exhibited at dog shows, and in 1907 some breeders of the region of Burgdorf decided to promote the pure breeding of these dogs by founding the “Schweizerischer Dürrbach-Klub”, and fixing the characteristic traits of the breed. In 1910, at a show in Burgdorf where many farmers of that region brought their Dürrbächler dogs to, already 107 specimen were shown. From that day onward this dog, renamed “Bernese Mountain Dog” following the example of the other breeds of Swiss Mountain Dogs, became rapidly appreciated all over Switzerland and in the neighbouring parts of Germany. Today the Bernese Mountain Dog is well known and appreciated all over the world as a family dog thanks to its striking tricoloured coat and its great adaptability. 历史简介 : 伯恩山犬是农场犬，其祖先在伯恩附近的prealpine地区和中部地区，充当警卫犬、拖曳犬及牧牛犬。他原先的名字是“Dürrbächler”，这是根据位于Canton Bern的Riggisberg附近的名为“Dürrbach”的小村庄和酒馆而得名，在那里这种三色长毛农场犬的数量相当多。此品种在1902、1904和1907年的犬展中展出，1907年Burgdorf地区的部分饲养者决定通过成立“Schweizerischer Dürrbach-Klub”（伯恩山犬同好会），确定该品种的性格特征来促进纯种伯恩山犬的饲养。1910年，在Burgdorf的犬展中，当地许多农场主带他们的Dürrbächler犬来参展，共有107只狗被展出。自那天起，这种狗在瑞士各地及相邻的德国地区迅速得到了人们的欢迎和喜爱。仿照其他瑞士山地犬的名字，它的名字改为伯恩山犬。 如今，伯恩山犬因其令人震撼的三色披毛和出色的适应力举世闻名，作为家庭犬在全世界受到人们的喜爱。 GENERAL APPEARANCE : Longhaired, tricoloured, strong and agile working dog, of above medium size, with sturdily built limbs; harmonious and well balanced. 总体外观 : 长毛，三色，强壮灵活的工作犬，中大型犬，四肢强壮有力；身体比例匀称 IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS : · Height at withers : length of body (measured from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock) = 9 : 10, rather compact than elongated. · Ideal relation of height at withers : depth of chest = 2 : 1. 重要比例 : · 肩高 : 身长 (标准是从肩部量到臀部) = 9 : 10，身体结实而不是修长 · 肩高与胸深的理想比例 = 2 : 1. BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT : Self-confident, attentive, vigilant, fearless in every day situations; good-natured and devoted to his own people, self-assured and placid towards strangers ; of medium temperament, docile. 行为举止 / 性格 : 自信，专注，警惕，不惧怕日常各种情况；对主人温和忠诚；面对陌生人时镇静自信；不神经质，温顺 HEAD : Strong. In size balanced to general appearance, not too massive. 头部 : 强壮。头部大小应与总体外观协调，不可过大。 CRANIAL REGION : 脑颅部 : Skull : Viewed from the front and in profile little rounded. Frontal furrow hardly marked. 头骨 : 自前方和侧面看略圆。前额纹路几乎看不见。 Stop : Well defined, but without being too pronounced. 止部 : 清晰，但不过分夸张 FACIAL REGION : 面部 : Nose : Black. 鼻子 : 黑色 Muzzle : Strong, of medium length; nasal bridge straight. 口吻 : 结实，中等长度；鼻梁直 Lips : Close fitting; black. 唇部 : 紧密，黑色 Jaws/Teeth : Strong, complete scissor bite (molars 3 (M3) are not taken into consideration). Pincer bite accepted. 颌/牙齿 : 结实。牙齿紧密地呈剪状咬合（第三颗臼齿（M3）不在考虑范围之内）。螯状（钳状）咬合也可以接受。 Eyes : Dark brown, almond-shaped, with close fitting eyelids. Neither too deep-set nor prominent. Loose eyelids are faulty. 眼睛 : 深棕色，呈杏仁状，眼睑紧贴眼球，既不深陷也不突出。松弛的眼睑属于缺陷。 Ears : Medium-sized, set high, triangular in shape, slightly rounded at the tips, in repose hanging flat and close to the head. When alert, the rear part of the set-on is raised while the front edge of the ear remains close to the head. 耳朵 : 中等大小，位置高，三角形，耳尖稍圆，休息放松时耳朵平放，紧贴头部。警觉时，耳根背部竖起，耳朵前边缘部仍然紧靠头部。 NECK : Strong, muscular, of medium length. 脖颈 : 结实，肌肉发达，中等长度 BODY : 躯干 : Topline : From the neck running slightly downwards to the withers in a harmonious line, then running on straight and level. 背线 : 自脖颈至肩部，微微向下，线条柔和，向后保持水平直线 Back : Firm, straight and level. 后背 : 结实，挺直而且水平 Loins : Broad and strong; seen from above slightly less broad than the chest. 腰部 : 宽且结实；自上方看，比胸略窄。 Croup : Smoothly rounded. 臀部 : 平滑的圆弧状 Chest : Broad and deep, reaching to the elbows; forechest distinctly developed; ribcage of wide-oval section extending as well back as possible. 胸部 : 宽而深，直到肘部；前胸发达，宽卵状的胸腔部分尽可能向后延伸。 Underline/belly : Slightly rising from chest to hindquarters. 腹部 : 从胸部缓缓地延伸收至后腿及臀部 TAIL : Bushy, reaching at least to the hocks; hanging straight down when at rest; carried level with back or slightly above when moving. 尾巴 : 毛发浓密，至少抵达跗关节处。休息时尾部下垂， 走动时尾部向上与背部持平或者略高于背部。 LIMBS : Strong bones. 四肢 : 强壮结实的骨骼 FOREQUARTERS : Forelegs seen from the front straight and parallel, standing rather wide apart. 前躯 : 自前方看，两条前腿直且相互平行，站立时，分开较远。 Shoulders : Shoulder blade long, strong and well laid back, forming a not too obtuse angle with the upper arm, well attached to the chest, well muscled. 肩部 : 肩部线条笔直，结实有力，适度向后平躺，与上臂成钝角状，但角度不可过宽。与胸部相接良好，肌肉发达 Upper arm : Long, set oblique. 上臂: 长，略微倾斜 Elbows : Close fitting; neither turned in nor out. 肘部 : 两肘紧靠，既不外翻也不内翻 Forearm : Strong, straight. 前臂 : 长且笔直。 Pastern : Seen from the side almost upright, firm; seen from the front in straight line with the forearm. 骹关节: 侧看近乎笔直，坚固；自前方看与前臂成一条直线 Forefeet : Short, roundish; with well-knit, well-arched toes. Turned neither in nor out. 前足: 短而略圆；脚趾紧凑，呈圆拱状。既不内翻也不外翻。 HINDQUARTERS : Seen from the rear straight and parallel, not too close. 后躯 : 自臀部向前看，后躯直，两腿平行，腿间距离不可过近。 Upper thigh : Long, broad, strong and well muscled. 大腿上部 : 长且宽，结实，肌肉发达 Stifle : Distinctly well bent. 膝关节 : 关节明显弯曲，角度恰当。 Lower thigh : Long and oblique. 大腿下部 : 长且倾斜 Hock joint : Strong, well angulated. 踝关节 : 结实，角度适当 Metatarsus : Set almost vertically. Dewclaws to be removed (except in those countries where it is prohibited by law). 跖骨: 近乎垂直。狼爪应被切除（若国家法律禁止可以除外） Hind feet : Slightly less arched than forefeet, turned neither in nor out. 后足 : 圆拱状，与前足相比，略平，既不向内翻也不向外翻 GAIT / MOVEMENT : Sound and balanced movement in all gaits covering a lot of ground; free stride reaching well out in front, with good drive from behind; at the trot, coming and going, legs moving forward in a straight line. 步态 / 运动 : 行走在各种路面时，每种步态都应平稳；随意行走时，前躯伸展良好，后躯驱动有力。来去小跑之时，四肢移动成一条直线。 COAT 披毛 HAIR : Long, shining, straight or slightly wavy. 毛发 : 长毛，光亮，直毛或者微微弯曲 COLOUR : Jet black main colour with rich tan markings on the cheeks, above the eyes, on all four legs and on the chest, and with white markings as follows : · Clean white symmetrical markings on the head : blaze extending towards the nose on both sides to a muzzle band; the blaze should not reach the tan markings above the eyes, and the white muzzle band should not extend beyond the corners of the mouth. · Moderately broad, unbroken white marking on throat and chest. · Desirable : white feet, white tip of tail. · Tolerated : small white patch on nape of neck, · small white anal patch. 颜色 : 深黑色为主要毛色，面颊、眼睛上方、四肢及胸口有丰富的黄褐色斑纹，白色斑纹出现在以下几处： · 头部有清晰对称的白色斑纹：火焰状白色斑纹向鼻部两边延伸至口吻处，同时头部的白色斑纹不可连到眼睛上方的黄褐色斑纹，口吻处的白色斑纹则不可超出口角部位。 · 喉部胸部有中等宽度的白色斑纹，斑纹应连成一片 · 理想的 : 白色足爪 尾尖白色 · 可以允许的 : 后脖颈有小的白色斑纹 · 肛门附近有小的白色斑纹 SIZE : 大小尺寸 : Height at withers : for dogs : 64-70 cm, ideal size : 66-68 cm. for ***es : 58-66 cm, ideal size : 60-63 cm. 肩高 : 公犬 : 64-70 cm, 理想尺寸 : 66-68 cm. 母犬 : 58-66 cm, 理想尺寸 : 60-63 cm. FAULTS : Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree. · Unsure behaviour. · Fine bones. · Irregular set of the incisors provided that the bite remains correct. · Absence of any other theeth than 2 PM1 (premolars 1); the M3 (molars 3) are not taken into consideration. · Coat : - Distinctly curly coat. - Faults of colour and markings : - Absence of white on head. - Blaze too large and/or muzzle band reaching noticeably beyond the corners of the mouth. - White collar. - Large white patch on nape of neck (maximum diameter more than 6 cm). - White anal patch (maximum size 6 cm). - White markings on forelegs reaching distinctly beyond half-way of pasterns (“boots”). - Disturbingly asymmetrical white markings on head and/or chest. - Black ticks and stripes within the white on the chest. - “Dirty” white (strong spots of pigmentation). - Black coat with a touch of brown or red. 缺陷 : 与上面所提到的任何一条要求不相一致，都将被认为是缺陷。缺陷的严重性视其程度而定。 · 行为举止不确定 · 骨骼纤细（不够强壮） · 在咬合正常的情况下，门牙位置不正 · 除了两颗PM1（前臼齿1）外，缺少任何一颗另外的牙齿。M3（臼齿3）不在考虑范围内。 · 披毛 - 过度卷曲 - 颜色及斑纹的缺陷 : - 头部无白色. - 头部火焰状白色斑纹过大，并且/或者，口吻处的白色斑纹明显超出嘴角范围 - 白领（颈部一圈白色） - 颈背处有白色大斑点 （最大直径超过6厘米） - 肛门附近有白色斑纹（最大为6厘米） - 前足的白色斑纹明显地超过了骹关节的一半 - 头部或胸部有不对称混乱的白色斑纹 - 胸部白色毛发内含有黑色斑纹条纹 - 白色不纯净（有明显的色斑） - 黑色毛发偏棕色或红色 ELIMINATING FAULTS : · Aggressive, anxious or distinctly shy. · Split nose. · Undershot or overshot mouth, wry mouth. · One or two blue eyes (wall eye). · Entropion, ectropion. · Kinky tail, ring tail. · Short coat, double coat (Stockhaar). · Other than tricoloured coat. · Other main colour than black. 失格 : · 好斗、神经质（焦躁不安）或者明显的羞涩 · 裂鼻 · 上颚突出式咬合或下颚突出式咬合，或者歪嘴 · 一只或两只蓝色眼睛(斜眼). · 眼睑内翻或者外翻 · 卷曲的尾巴，环状的尾巴 · 披毛短，double coat (直毛). [注]此处原文Stockhaar我查到在德牧中翻译为直毛，不知是否为原文要表达的意思，另外double coat不知道该如何翻译，事实上伯恩山应为两层披毛，想来double coat不是双层毛的意思，希望有知道的朋友可以帮我解惑。 · 三色之外颜色的毛色 · 基本色不是黑色 Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified. 任何明显表现出身体或是性格上存在畸形的狗都会被视作不合格。 N.B. : Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum. N.B. : 公犬需要有两颗明显正常的睾丸在阴囊内。