藏獒 Tibetan Mastiff

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概貌

藏獒兼有结实的体格和卓越优雅的力量，这些和他的冷漠、忍耐性以及聪明的表情一起，被描述为有权势而不呆板，威严而不粗野，敏捷而不鲁莽。在严酷的条件下，这种具有一定结构和功能的藏獒，作为主要的保护者，拥有敏捷和极大的忍耐力。

藏獒明显的特征是与丰厚的颈毛融为一体的头部轮廓，着生有浓密长毛的尾巴卷曲在背部，随意而有力的摆动着。

威严高贵的姿势，种质，体态结构，力量和对称性的全部外表，完全是一个典型藏獒的整体图画。

1 头部：

      藏獒的头部有明显的特征，结构匀称，比例协调，呈三角形。从前面看，象熊的头型，而耳朵是下垂的。

  （1）头颅：藏獒的头颅宽大，头顶部呈拱形，有一轻微的沟槽，从头顶顶部延伸到头骨的中部，并于枕骨结合，发育良好。

  （2）嘴笼；嘴宽深，与头成比例，更显出藏獒犬象熊的特点。嘴应既不粗燥，又不长，颌壮，但不如颊显著。从头顶到鼻端的比例不超过从头顶到整部的比例。

  唇 ：上唇边缘园而厚，覆盖着下唇。藏獒犬的下唇不是很发达，有一邹褶，使下牙床裸露。唇后面有犬特殊的液剃分泌腺(呈兰灰色、棕色等)，其可能与被毛的颜色有关，但有斑点或肉色的为失格。

（3）鼻： 鼻应宽大，鼻镜湿润。

(4) 牙齿与咬合：牙齿大，洁白，正确位置的牙齿形成一个合适的剪刀状的咬合。水平咬合是可以接受的，但不是最好的。下颌突出，使下颌比上颌突出的咬合为不合格。

  （5）眼睛：大小适中，位置恰当，眼睛边缘有轻微的倾斜，杏仁状。眼睛的颜色是琥珀 色到深棕色。有斑点或肉色的眼睛不合格。

  （6）耳朵下垂，大小适中，“V ”形，耳尖圆形，耳朵紧贴颅面，当处于警戒状态时，而能稍微向前竖起。成熟犬，从眼睛外角到嘴角有明显的皱褶，随着年龄的增长，皱褶更加明显。

  （7）外型：身体强健，十分匀称。颈强壮有力，肌肉丰健，长度适中，呈现出一个颈峰。当犬在警觉状态时，令人产生勇敢和尊严的感觉，颈与肩融为一体，成熟的藏獒犬应当颈下有垂皮，而公犬颈下的垂皮应更明显；背肌肉发达，背腰宽平，紧凑。胸宽深，前胸可延伸到肘部。体长大于体高，体长与体高的比为10：9。肋骨发育良好，体侧微成拱形。腰肌发达，成熟的藏獒犬，腰部稍向上拱，但不明显。臀微有倾斜，到尾根处坡度是细微的，不会约束后躯的运动。尾毛长密，呈束状，向上侧卷于臀上或腰上，当藏獒犬运动时尾是卷起来的，而休息时，有时是垂下的。尾也是藏獒犬的重要品种标志，松散，或象镶上去的加边旗帜，或卷曲非常紧以至形成双层卷曲而不能自然放松的尾巴，都被视为是失格。藏獒犬颈肩结合良好，肩与背呈30—35度角，肌肉发育良好，不粗造。腿强健，正直，骨骼粗大，但骨骼的结构多不良，以致影响自由敏捷的运动，太短太长的腿都是不良的，腿的长度从地面到肘部是耆甲处总高的50—55% 。

系部，强健结实，轻微的倾斜，应有一定的柔韧性和弹性。脚爪（爪子），圆形，紧凑，拱形的趾，爪垫厚，坚韧，部分个体有残留趾。后躯强健有力，肌肉丰满，粗重而不粗造。大腿发育良好，肌肉发达，从后面看，两腿在飞节处有轻微的拱形。后膝关节有平衡作用，坚强有弹性。飞节强韧，飞节以下两腿平行。

背毛：藏獒有抗天气的双层背毛，外层被毛长度适中，布满全身。下层绒毛极其丰富，并与气候有关。当犬生活在较寒冷的气候条件下时，自然生长出大量的下层绒毛。但在夏天的几个月里，藏獒自然减少了下层绒毛生长的数量，这不会使其处于不利地位。藏獒脸部、头部和耳朵的被毛短而光滑。一层较长，多结构，厚密地被毛围绕经部形成翎颌，从枕部、肩部、一直到尾部，前腿和后肢跗关节以下的被毛，在一定程度上较长，后腿坐鞦上有厚而多的被毛，尾毛长而密，形成一束。

颜色：所有的颜色和变化都能被接受，白色斑点容许存在于所有的颜色中。

步态：运动中的藏獒呈现出自由有力的步态。运动是犬在耐力和敏捷下越过变化的地形的能力，这种有弹性而灵活的步态证实了犬后腿和前腿能够很好的扩展及从走到小跑的运动过程，藏獒留下了单一的踪迹。该品种犬在任何运动中都能确保身体的平衡和体形。

体尺：成年公犬耆甲处最低高度为25英寸，平均范围为25—28英寸。成年母犬耆甲处最低高度为24英寸，平均范围为24—26英寸。不考虑体尺，在评估藏獒时，应当首先考虑坚实度、比例和平衡。

气质：藏獒是一个机灵、聪明、忠实的工作伴侣。具有保护的本能和天生的敏感性，是古代家畜饲养中典型的护卫者。它们有好的性情，活泼而不过度。虽然自然的怀疑陌生人，但当有响动时，它们有义务去对待。无反应的、没有挑衅性或不能控制地去攻击，或极度的紧张或胆祛，都是不合格的，必须淘汰。胆祛的犬在受到攻击或诱导该犬去攻击任何人时，犬会惧怕接近或反复拒绝站立。

TIBETAN MASTIFF BREED STANDARD

Copyright ? American Tibetan Mastiff Association

I. GENERAL APPEARANCE.

Noble and impressive: a large, powerful, heavy, well built dog, well muscled, with much substance and bone, and of solemn but kindly appearance. The Tibetan Mastiff stands well up on the pasterns, with strong, tight, cat feet, giving an alert appearance. The body is slightly longer than tall. The head is broad and impressive, with massive back skull, the eyes deep-set and almond shaped, slightly slanted, the muzzle broad and well-padded, giving a square appearance. The typical expression of the breed is one of watchfulness. The tail is well feathered and carried over the back in a single curl falling over the loin, balancing the head. The coat and heavy mane is thick, with coarse guard hair and a wooly undercoat. The tail and britches are well feathered.

The Tibetan Mastiff has been used primarily as a family and property guardian for many millennia, and is aloof and watchful of strangers, and highly protective of its people and property.

II. SIZE, PROPORTION, SUBSTANCE.

Size: Dogs - minimum of 26 inches at the withers

Bitches - minimum of 24 inches at the withers

Dogs and *****es that are more than one inch below the minimum heights to be severely faulted.

Proportion: Slightly longer than tall (9-10), (i.e.,the height to length, measured from sternum to ischium should be slightly greater than the distance from withers to ground).

Substance: The Tibetan Mastiff should have impressive substance, both in bone and structure, as well as strength. When dogs are judged equal in type, proportion and movement, the more substantial dog, in terms of substance and bone, not merely height, is to be given preference.

III. HEAD.

Broad, heavy and strong. Some wrinkling in maturity, extending from above eyes down to corner of mouth. A correct head and expression is essential to the breed.

Expression: Noble, intelligent, watchful and aloof.

Eyes: Very expressive, medium size, any shade of brown. Rims to be black except in blue/grey, blue/grey and tan dogs and brown dogs, the darkest possible shade of grey or brown. Eyes deep-set, well apart, almond-shaped, and slightly slanting. Any other color or shape to be severely faulted since it detracts from the typical expression.

Ears: Medium size, V-shaped, pendant, set-on high , dropping forward and hanging close to head. Raised when alert, on level with the top of the skull. The ear leather is thick, covered with soft short hair, and when measured, should reach the inner corner of the eye.

Skull: Broad and large, with strongly defined occiput. Broad back skull.

Stop: Deep and well defined.

Muzzle: Broad, well filled and square when viewed from all sides.

Proportions: Measurement from occiput to stop and stop to end of nose, equal or slightly shorter.

Nose: Broad, well pigmented, with open nostrils. Black, except with blue/grey or blue/grey and tan dogs, the darkest shade of grey and brown dogs, the darkest shade of brown. Any other color to be severely faulted.

Lips: Well developed, thick, with moderate flews and slightly pendulous lower lips.

Bite: Complete scissor bite. Level bite acceptable. Essential that dentition fits tightly, to maintain square form of muzzle.

Teeth: Canine teeth large, strong, broken teeth not to be faulted.

Faults: Missing teeth, overshot, undershot bite.

IV. NECK, TOPLINE AND BODY.

Neck: The neck is well muscled, moderately arched, and may have moderate dewlap. The neck, especially in dogs, is shrouded by a thick upstanding mane.

Topline: Topline straight and level between withers and croup.

Body: The chest is rather deep, of moderate breadth, with reasonable spring of rib. Brisket reaching to just below elbows. Underline with pronounced (but not exaggerated) tuck-up. The back is muscular with firmly muscled loin. There is no slope or angle to the croup.

Tail: Medium to long, but not reaching below hock joint; well feathered. Set high on line with top of back. When alert or in motion, curled over back or to one side. Tails that are double curled or carried in an incomplete curl to be faulted.

V. FOREQUARTERS.

Shoulders: Well laid back, muscular, strongly boned, with moderate angulation to match the rear angulation.

Legs: Straight, with substantial bone and muscle, well covered with short, coarse hair, feathering, and with strong pasterns that have a slight slope.

Feet: Cat feet. Fairly large, strong, compact, may have feathering between toes. Nails may be either black and/or white, regardless of coat color. A single dewclaw may be present on the front feet.

VI. HINDQUARTERS.

Hindquarters: Powerful, muscular, with all parts being moderately angulated. Seen from behind, the hind legs and stifle are parallel. The hocks are strong, well let down (approximately one-third the overall length of the leg), and perpendicular.

Feet: A single or double dewclaw may be present on the rear feet. Removal of rear dewclaws, if present, optional.

VII. COAT.

In general, dogs carry noticeably more coat than *****es. The quality of the coat is of greater importance than quantity. Double-coated, with fairly long, thick coarse guard hair, with heavy soft undercoat in cold weather which becomes rather sparse in warmer months. Hair is fine but hard, straight and stand-off; never silky, curly or wavy. Heavy undercoat, when present, rather woolly. Neck and shoulders heavily coated, especially in dogs, giving mane-like appearance. Tail and britches densely coated and heavily feathered. The Tibetan Mastiff is shown naturally. Trimming is not acceptable except to provide a clean cut appearance of feet. Dogs are not to be penalized if shown with a summer coat.

VIII. COLOR.

Black, brown, and blue/grey, all with or without tan markings, and various shades of gold. Tan ranges from a very rich shade through a lighter color. White markings on breast and feet acceptable. Tan markings may appear at any or all of the following areas: above eyes as spots, around eyes (including spectacle markings), on each side of the muzzle, on throat, on lower part of front forelegs and extending up the inside of the forelegs, on inside of rear legs showing down the front of the stifle and broadening out to the front of the rear legs from hock to toes, on breeches, and underside of tail. Undercoat, as well as furnishings on breeches and underside of tail, may be lighter shades of the dominant color. The undercoat on black and tan dogs also may be grey or tan. Other markings such as sabling, brindling, white on other areas of the body, or large white markings, to be faulted. All other coat colors, while accepted, are to be faulted.

IX. GAIT.

The gait of a Tibetan Mastiff is powerful, steady and balanced, yet at the same time, light-footed. When viewed from the side, reach and drive should indicate maximum use of the dog's moderate angulation. Back remains level and firm. Sound and powerful movement more important than speed.

X. TEMPERAMENT.

The Tibetan Mastiff is a highly intelligent, independent, strong willed and rather reserved dog. He is aloof with strangers and highly protective of his charges and his property. In the ring he may exhibit reserve or lack of enthusiasm, but any sign of shyness is unacceptable and must be severely faulted as inappropriate for a guardian breed. Conversely, given its aloof nature, judges should also be

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